Hektar

Is a virus from the Tobamovirus family that affects pepper crops (Capsicum spp.). It is one of the most widespread and persistent viruses impacting these plants, causing significant yield losses, especially in cases of severe infestation.

Symptoms

1. On leaves:

   • Mild mottling or mosaic patterns (color changes with light and dark green areas);
   • Deformed or slightly curled leaves;
   • Stunted leaf growth.

2. On fruits:

   • Yellow, orange, or brown streaks or spots;
   • Fruit deformities;
   • Rough or irregular surface texture;
   • Blisters on pepper.

3. On plants overall:

   • Plants may exhibit reduced overall growth;
   • Decreased fruit quantity and quality.

Transmission

• Infected seeds: The virus can be transmitted through infected seeds, making control challenging.
• Direct contact: Spread occurs via gardening tools, workers' hands, or other equipment that comes into contact with plants.
• Infected plant debris: The virus can survive in plant residues, contaminating soil or water.
• Contaminated soil and water: PMMoV is extremely resilient and can persist for extended periods in soil, on surfaces, and in irrigation systems.

Prevention and Control Measures

1. Use of healthy seeds:

   • Opt for certified seeds tested for PMMoV.
   • Disinfect seeds through heat or chemical treatments (e.g., sodium hypochlorite solutions).

2. Sanitizing equipment:

   • Disinfect tools, hands, and equipment used in gardening to prevent virus spread.

3. Crop rotation:

   • Alternate crops to reduce virus buildup in the soil.

4. Removing infected plants:

   • Identify, remove, and destroy infected plants to limit further spread.

5. Genetic resistance:

   • Grow pepper varieties resistant to PMMoV, if available.

6. Managing plant residues:

   • Clear and destroy plant debris after harvest to prevent the virus from persisting in the soil.